Yoshio Nishina
Dr. Yoshio Nishina (仁科 芳雄 Nishina Yoshio?, December 6, 1890 – January 10, 1951) was a Japanese physicist. He was called "the founding father of modern physics research in Japan".
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[hide]Achievements[edit]
Nishina co-authored the Klein–Nishina formula. His research was concerned with cosmic rays and particle accelerator development for which he constructed a few cyclotrons at RIKEN. In particular, he detected what turned out to be the muon in cosmic rays, independently of Anderson et al.[1] He also discovered the uranium-237 isotope and pioneered the studies of symmetric fission phenomena occurring upon fast neutron irradiation of uranium (1939–1940).
He was a principal investigator of RIKEN and mentored generations of physicists, including two Nobel Laureates: Hideki Yukawa andSin-Itiro Tomonaga.
During World War II, he was the head of the Japanese nuclear weapon program.
Biography[edit]
Nishina was born in Satoshō, Okayama, and graduated from Tokyo Imperial University in 1918. After graduation, he became a staff member at the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (now RIKEN).
In 1921, he was sent to Europe for research. He visited some European universities and institutions, including Cavendish Laboratory,Georg August University of Göttingen, and University of Copenhagen. In Copenhagen, he did research with Niels Bohr and they became good friends. In 1928, he wrote a paper on incoherent or Compton scattering with Oskar Klein in Copenhagen, from which the Klein–Nishina formula derives.[1]
In 1929, he returned to Japan, where he endeavored to foster an environment for the study of quantum mechanics. He established Nishina Laboratory at RIKEN in 1931, and invited some Western scholars to Japan including Heisenberg, Dirac and Bohr to stimulate Japanese physicists. His laboratory was severely damaged during World War II and most equipment had to be discarded and rebuilt after the war.[2]
He died from liver cancer in 1951.[1]
The crater Nishina on the Moon is named in his honor.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Sin-Itiro Tomonaga Yoshio Nishina, His Sixtieth Birthday, November 20, 1950 (updated January 11, 1951)
- ^ Yoshio Nishina – Father of Modern Physics in Japan. Nishina Foundation
WHO is the father of ZOO BIOLOGY?
Heini Hediger
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Heini Hediger (1908-1992) was a Swiss biologist noted for work in proxemics in animal behavior and is known as the "father of zoo biology". Hediger was formerly the director ofTierpark Dählhölzli (1938-1943), Zoo Basel (1944-1953) and Zürich Zoo (1954-1973).
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Heini Hediger (1908-1992) was a Swiss biologist noted for work in proxemics in animal behavior and is known as the "father of zoo biology". Hediger was formerly the director ofTierpark Dählhölzli (1938-1943), Zoo Basel (1944-1953) and Zürich Zoo (1954-1973).
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Psychology[edit]
Hediger described a number of standard interaction distances used in one form or another between animals. Two of these are flight distance and critical distance, used when animals of different species meet, whereas others are personal distance and social distance, observed during interactions between members of the same species.[1] Hediger's biological social distance theories were used as a basis for Edward T. Hall's 1966 anthropological social distance theories.
In the 1950s, psychologist Humphry Osmond developed the concept of socio-architecture hospital design, such as was used in the design of the Weyburn mental hospital in 1951, based partly on Hediger’s species-habitat work.
Hediger described a number of standard interaction distances used in one form or another between animals. Two of these are flight distance and critical distance, used when animals of different species meet, whereas others are personal distance and social distance, observed during interactions between members of the same species.[1] Hediger's biological social distance theories were used as a basis for Edward T. Hall's 1966 anthropological social distance theories.
In the 1950s, psychologist Humphry Osmond developed the concept of socio-architecture hospital design, such as was used in the design of the Weyburn mental hospital in 1951, based partly on Hediger’s species-habitat work.
Zoo biology[edit]
In 1942 the Swiss biologist and ethologist Heini Hediger made a revolutionary breakthrough. He developed the science of wild animals kept in human care and published this concept of a new, special branch of biology, called “zoo biology”. The main statement is that animals in zoos are not to be considered as “captives” but as “owners of property”, namely the territory of their enclosures. They mark and defend this territory as they do in the natural environment and if the enclosures contain these elements which are of importance to them also in their natural environment, they have neither need nor desire to leave this property, but to the contrary, stay within it, even when they would have the opportunity to escape, or return to this “safe haven”, should they by accident have escaped. He consequently emphasized that the quality of the enclosures (“furnishing”, structure) is equally, or even more important than quantity (space, dimensions) and substantiated this with observations in the natural habitat. Among many other things he made clear that animals in the natural habitat do not need huge spaces, when all their needs can be satisfied within close range, that, in fact, animals do not move about for pleasure but to satisfy their needs. Zoo biology therefore implies that the life of animals in their natural surroundings must be studied in order to provide them with appropriate keeping conditions in human care. In animal husbandry, the aim of this concept — guided by the maxim “changing cages into territories” — was to meet the biological and ethological requirements of the exhibited animals. Hediger's publications had an enormous positive impact on the keeping of wild animals in human care in particular also in the construction of enclosures and the planning of zoos.
In the 1950s, he began promoting the concept of training zoo animals to elicit biologically suitable behavior and to afford the animal exercise and mental occupation. Further, he observed that in some cases training increased the opportunity for the zoo keeper to give needed medical treatments to the animal. He also referred to zoo animal training as “disciplined play”.
In the 1940s he defined the four main tasks of zoos:
- Recreation
- Education
- Research
- Conservation
In the 1960s, he defined the seven aspects of a zoological garden considering people, money, space, methods, administration, animals and research, in that order. He reintroduced the new concept of zoo biology and dealt with such matters as food, causes of death, zoo architecture, the meaning of animal to man and man to animal, the exhibition value of animals, and the behavior of humans in zoos.
In 1942 the Swiss biologist and ethologist Heini Hediger made a revolutionary breakthrough. He developed the science of wild animals kept in human care and published this concept of a new, special branch of biology, called “zoo biology”. The main statement is that animals in zoos are not to be considered as “captives” but as “owners of property”, namely the territory of their enclosures. They mark and defend this territory as they do in the natural environment and if the enclosures contain these elements which are of importance to them also in their natural environment, they have neither need nor desire to leave this property, but to the contrary, stay within it, even when they would have the opportunity to escape, or return to this “safe haven”, should they by accident have escaped. He consequently emphasized that the quality of the enclosures (“furnishing”, structure) is equally, or even more important than quantity (space, dimensions) and substantiated this with observations in the natural habitat. Among many other things he made clear that animals in the natural habitat do not need huge spaces, when all their needs can be satisfied within close range, that, in fact, animals do not move about for pleasure but to satisfy their needs. Zoo biology therefore implies that the life of animals in their natural surroundings must be studied in order to provide them with appropriate keeping conditions in human care. In animal husbandry, the aim of this concept — guided by the maxim “changing cages into territories” — was to meet the biological and ethological requirements of the exhibited animals. Hediger's publications had an enormous positive impact on the keeping of wild animals in human care in particular also in the construction of enclosures and the planning of zoos.
In the 1950s, he began promoting the concept of training zoo animals to elicit biologically suitable behavior and to afford the animal exercise and mental occupation. Further, he observed that in some cases training increased the opportunity for the zoo keeper to give needed medical treatments to the animal. He also referred to zoo animal training as “disciplined play”.
In the 1940s he defined the four main tasks of zoos:
- Recreation
- Education
- Research
- Conservation
In the 1960s, he defined the seven aspects of a zoological garden considering people, money, space, methods, administration, animals and research, in that order. He reintroduced the new concept of zoo biology and dealt with such matters as food, causes of death, zoo architecture, the meaning of animal to man and man to animal, the exhibition value of animals, and the behavior of humans in zoos.
Quotes[edit]
“ ...hunger and love can take only second place. The satisfaction of hunger and sexual appetite can be postponed; not so escape from a dangerous enemy, and all animals, even the biggest and fiercest, have enemies. As far as higher animals are concerned, escape must thus at any rate be considered as the most important behavior biologically. ”
| “ | ...hunger and love can take only second place. The satisfaction of hunger and sexual appetite can be postponed; not so escape from a dangerous enemy, and all animals, even the biggest and fiercest, have enemies. As far as higher animals are concerned, escape must thus at any rate be considered as the most important behavior biologically. | ” |
Hediger's works[edit]
- Hediger, Heini (1942). Wildtiere in Gefangenschaft. Basel: Benno Schwabe & Co. English edition: Hediger, Heini (1950). Wild Animals in Captivity. Translated by G. Sircom. London: Butterworth.
- Hediger, Heini (1955). Studies of the psychology and behaviour of captive animals in zoos and circuses. London: Butterworths Scientific Publications. ASIN B0007IXEUS.(German edition: Zirich, Buechergilde Gutenberg, 1954)
- Hediger, Heini (1969). Man and Animal in the Zoo. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
- Hediger, Heini (1942). Wildtiere in Gefangenschaft. Basel: Benno Schwabe & Co. English edition: Hediger, Heini (1950). Wild Animals in Captivity. Translated by G. Sircom. London: Butterworth.
- Hediger, Heini (1955). Studies of the psychology and behaviour of captive animals in zoos and circuses. London: Butterworths Scientific Publications. ASIN B0007IXEUS.(German edition: Zirich, Buechergilde Gutenberg, 1954)
- Hediger, Heini (1969). Man and Animal in the Zoo. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Literature about him[edit]
- Sebeok, Thomas A. 2001. The Swiss Pioneer in Nonverbal Communication Studies: Heini Hediger (1908–1992). New York: Legas.
- Turovski, Aleksei 2000. The semiotics of animal freedom: A zoologist’s attempt to perceive the semiotic aim of H. Hediger. Sign Systems Studies 28: 380–387.
- Sebeok, Thomas A. 2001. The Swiss Pioneer in Nonverbal Communication Studies: Heini Hediger (1908–1992). New York: Legas.
- Turovski, Aleksei 2000. The semiotics of animal freedom: A zoologist’s attempt to perceive the semiotic aim of H. Hediger. Sign Systems Studies 28: 380–387.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Hall, Edward, T. (1966). The Hidden Dimension. Anchor Books. ASIN B0006BNQW2.
- ^ Hall, Edward, T. (1966). The Hidden Dimension. Anchor Books. ASIN B0006BNQW2.
External links[edit]
- Graziano, Michael S.A. Cooke, Daylan, F. (2006). "Parieto-frontal Interactions, Personal Space, and Defensive Behavior", Neuropsychologia 44, 845-59.
Authority control
- Graziano, Michael S.A. Cooke, Daylan, F. (2006). "Parieto-frontal Interactions, Personal Space, and Defensive Behavior", Neuropsychologia 44, 845-59.
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He was a principal investigator of RIKEN and mentored generations of physicists, including two Nobel Laureates: Hideki Yukawa andSin-Itiro Tomonaga.
During World War II, he was the head of the Japanese nuclear weapon program.
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